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To the Requester:
Deborah McGonagle
Dear Ms. McGonagle:
STATE ETHICS COMMISSION
FINANCE BUILDING
613 NORTH STREET, ROOM 304
HARRISBURG, PA 17120-0400
FACSIMILE: 717-787-0806
WEBSITE: www.ethics.pa.gov
ADVICE OF COUNSEL
May 4, 2026
26-529
This responds to your email received April 17, 2026, which will be treated as a request for
an advisory from the Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission ("Commission") as to the issue
presented below:
Issue:
Whether, as a Management Technician (IT Infrastructure Services Coordinator and
Administrative Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services Department of West Chester
University ("the University"), you are a "public employee" subject to the Public Official
and Employee Ethics Act ("Ethics Act"), 65 Pa.C.S. § 1101 et sec.., and the Regulations of
the State Ethics Commission, 51 Pa. Code § 11.1 et sec and particularly, the requirements
for filing Statements of Financial Interests.
Brief Answer: YES. Upon review of the job description for your position with the
University, as a Management Technician (IT Infrastructure Services Coordinator and
Administrative Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services Department, you are a "public
employee" subject to the provisions of the Ethics Act and the Regulations of the State Ethics
Commission, and you are therefore required to file Statements of Financial Interests pursuant
to the Ethics Act.
Facts:
Since March 2020, you have been employed as a Management Technician (IT
Infrastructure Services Coordinator and Administrative Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services
Department of the University. Your job responsibilities have not changed in the last six years.
Until this year, the University had not required you to file a Statement of Financial Interests
form. You believe that you may have been requested to file the form this year due to confusion
MCGonigle, 26-529
May 4, 2026
Page 2
arising from an administrative error that caused your University email address to be used to set up
six credit cards that were issued in the names of managers in your University department. Aside
from this error, which has since been corrected, you do not believe that you would meet any of the
criteria that would bring someone within the definition of the term "public employee" under the
Ethics Act.
You seek guidance as to whether, as a Management Technician (IT Infrastructure Services
Coordinator and Administrative Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services Department of the
University, you are a "public employee" subject to the Ethics Act and the Regulations of the State
Ethics Commission, and in particular, the requirements for filing Statements of Financial Interests.
You have submitted a copy of a Staff Job Description/Performance Standards ("the Job
Description") for your position with the University, which document is incorporated herein by
reference. Per the Job Description, the responsibilities of a Management Technician (IT
Infrastructure Services Coordinator and Administrative Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services
Department include the following:
• Providing administrative support to the Executive Director of IT Infrastructure
Services;
• Providing administrative services for the IT Infrastructure Services Department,
including but not limited to opening work orders with respective campus
departments to maintain facilities, conducting record -keeping for service provider
invoicing, and maintaining adequate office supplies;
• Handling the ordering of hardware, software, support and maintenance for all IT
Infrastructure Services equipment and services;
• Preparing and organizing individual and bulk purchases for the IT Infrastructure
Services Department as directed by the Executive Director and following up with
vendors as needed;
• Monitoring, managing, and maintaining IT Infrastructure Services maintenance,
support and subscription contract renewals;
• Preparing, processing, and monitoring the progress of PDRs;
• Preparing, organizing, and processing reconciliations and reports for departmental
purchasing cards (p-cards);
• Working independently and contacting vendors for technical equipment and
software information on IT equipment;
• Preparing, organizing, and processing monthly telephone, cellphone, and work
order chargebacks for self-support services;
• Preparing, organizing, reviewing, and processing monthly service provider
invoices for voice and data services;
• Compiling reporting and analysis to identify areas for process improvement within
the IT Infrastructure Services Department;
• Maintaining documentation, tracking, reporting, and asset management for all IT
infrastructure;
• Working with the Executive Director of IT Infrastructure Services to plan, prepare,
review, and update the five-year budgetary documents to appropriately forecast IT
MCGonigle, 26-529
May 4, 2026
Page 3
infrastructure funding requirements and associated requests for annual
increases/decreases; and
• Serving as a backup for providing administrative services to the IS&T Senior
Associate Vice President Office as needed.
Job Description, at 1.
Discussion:
It is initially noted that pursuant to Sections 1107(10) and 1107(11) of the Ethics Act, 65
Pa.C.S. §§ 1107(10), (11), advisories are issued to the requester based upon the facts that the
requester has submitted. In issuing the advisory based upon the facts that the requester has
submitted, the Commission does not engage in an independent investigation of the facts, nor does
it speculate as to facts that have not been submitted. It is the burden of the requester to truthfully
disclose all of the material facts relevantto the inquiry. 65 Pa.C.S. §§ 1107(10), (11). An advisory
only affords a defense to the extent the requester has truthfully disclosed all of the material facts.
Section 1104(a) of the Ethics Act provides, in pertinent part, that any public official or
public employee of the Commonwealth or a political subdivision must file a Statement of Financial
Interests for the preceding calendar year by May 1 of each year that he holds the position and the
year after he leaves the position:
§ 1104. Statement of financial interests required to be filed
(a) Public official or public employee. --Each public
official of the Commonwealth shall file a statement of financial
interests for the preceding calendar year with the commission no
later than May 1 of each year that he holds such a position and of
the year after he leaves such a position. Each public employee and
public official of the Commonwealth shall file a statement of
financial interests for the preceding calendar year with the
department, agency, body or bureau in which he is employed or to
which he is appointed or elected no later than May 1 of each year
that he holds such a position and of the year after he leaves such a
position. Any other public employee or public official shall file a
statement of financial interests with the governing authority of the
political subdivision by which he is employed or within which he is
appointed or elected no later than May 1 of each year that he holds
such a position and of the year after he leaves such a position.
Persons who are full-time or part-time solicitors for political
subdivisions are required to file under this section.
65 Pa.C.S. § 1104(a).
The Ethics Act defines the term "public employee" as follows:
MCGonigle, 26-529
May 4, 2026
Page 4
§ 1102. Definitions
"Public employee." Any individual employed by the
Commonwealth or a political subdivision who is responsible for
taking or recommending official action of a nonministerial nature
with regard to:
(1) contracting or procurement;
(2) administering or monitoring grants or subsidies;
(3) planning or zoning;
(4) inspecting, licensing, regulating or auditing any
person; or
(5) any other activity where the official action has an
economic impact of greater than a de minimis nature
on the interests of any person.
The term shall not include individuals who are employed by this
Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof in teaching as
distinguished from administrative duties.
65 Pa.C.S. § 1102.
The Regulations of the State Ethics Commission similarly define the term "public
employee" and set forth the following additional criteria:
(ii) The following criteria will be used, in part, to determine whether
an individual is within the definition of "public employe":
(A) The individual normally performs his responsibility in the field
without onsite supervision.
(B) The individual is the immediate supervisor of a person who
normally performs his responsibility in the field without
onsite supervision.
(C) The individual is the supervisor of a highest level field
office.
(D) The individual has the authority to make final decisions.
(E) The individual has the authority to forward or stop
recommendations from being sent to the person or body with
the authority to make final decisions.
(F) The individual prepares or supervises the preparation of final
recommendations.
MCGonigle, 26-529
May 4, 2026
Page 5
(G) The individual makes final technical recommendations.
(H) The individual's recommendations or actions are an inherent
and recurring part of his position.
(I) The individual's recommendations or actions affect
organizations other than his own organization.
(iii) The term does not include individuals who are employed by the
Commonwealth or a political subdivision of the Commonwealth in
teaching as distinguished from administrative duties.
(iv) Persons in the following positions are generally considered public
employes:
(A) Executive and special directors or assistants reporting
directly to the agency head or governing body.
(B) Commonwealth bureau directors, division chiefs or heads of
equivalent organization elements and other governmental
body department heads.
(C) Staff attorneys engaged in representing the department,
agency or other governmental bodies.
(D) Engineers, managers and secretary -treasurers acting as
managers, police chiefs, chief clerks, chief purchasing
agents, grant and contract managers, administrative officers,
housing and building inspectors, investigators, auditors,
sewer enforcement officers and zoning officers in all
governmental bodies.
(E) Court administrators, assistants for fiscal affairs and
deputies for the minor judiciary.
(F) School superintendents, assistant superintendents, school
business managers and principals.
(G) Persons who report directly to heads of executive, legislative
and independent agencies, boards and commissions except
clerical personnel.
(v) Persons in the following positions are generally not considered
public employes:
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May 4, 2026
Page 6
(A) City clerks, other clerical staff, road masters, secretaries,
police officers, maintenance workers, construction workers,
equipment operators and recreation directors.
(B) Law clerks, court criers, court reporters, probation officers,
security guards and writ servers.
(C) School teachers and clerks of the schools.
51 Pa. Code § 11.1.
The following terms are relevant to your inquiry and are defined in the Ethics Act as
follows:
§ 1102. Definitions
"Ministerial action." An action that a person performs in a
prescribed manner in obedience to the mandate of legal authority,
without regard to or the exercise of the person's own judgment as to
the desirability of the action being taken.
"Nonministerial actions." An action in which the person
exercises his own judgment as to the desirability of the action taken.
65 Pa.C.S. § 1102.
Status as a "public employee" subject to the Ethics Act is determined by an objective test.
The objective test applies the Ethics Act's definition of the term "public employee" and the related
regulatory criteria to the powers and duties of the position itself. Typically, the powers and duties
of the position are established by objective sources that define the position, such as the job
description, job classification specifications, and organizational chart. The objective test considers
what an individual has the authority to do in a given position based upon these objective sources,
rather than the variable functions that the individual may actually perform in the position. See,
Phillips v. State Ethics Commission, 470 A.2d 659 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984); Eiben, Opinion 04-002;
Shienvold, Opinion 04-001; Shearer, Opinion 03-011. The Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania
has specifically considered and approved this Commission's objective test and has directed that
coverage under the Ethics Act be construed broadly and that exclusions under the Ethics Act be
construed narrowly. See, Quaglia v. State Ethics Commission, 986 A.2d 974 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010),
amended by, 2010 Pa. Commw. LEXIS 8 (Pa. Cmwlth. January 5, 2010), allocator denied, 607
Pa. 708, 4 A.3d 1056 (2010); Phillips, supra.
The first portion of the statutory definition of "public employee" includes individuals with
authority to take or recommend official action of a nonministerial nature. 65 Pa.C.S. § 1102.
Likewise, the regulatory criteria for determining status as a public employee, as set forth in 51 Pa.
Code § 11.1 ("public employee")(ii), include not only individuals with authority to make final
decisions but also individuals with authority to forward or stop recommendations from being sent
MCGonigle, 26-529
May 4, 2026
Page 7
to final decision -makers; individuals who prepare or supervise the preparation of final
recommendations; individuals who make final technical recommendations; and individuals whose
recommendations are an inherent and recurring part of their positions. See, e.g., Reese/Gilliland,
Opinion 05-005.
Conclusion:
In applying the objective test in the instant matter, the necessary conclusion is that in your
capacity as a Management Technician (IT Infrastructure Services Coordinator and Administrative
Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services Department of the University, you are a "public
employee" subject to the Ethics Act.
It is clear that as a Management Technician (IT Infrastructure Services Coordinator and
Administrative Assistant), you have the ability to take or recommend official action of a
nonministerial nature with respect to subparagraph (5) within the definition of "public employee"
as set forth in the Ethics Act, 65 Pa.C.S. § 1102. Specifically, your authority to:
• Open work orders with respective campus departments to maintain facilities and
conduct record -keeping for service provider invoicing;
• Handle the ordering of hardware, software, support and maintenance for all IT
Infrastructure Services equipment and services;
• Prepare and organize individual and bulk purchases for the IT Infrastructure
Services Department as directed by the Executive Director and follow up with
vendors as needed;
• Monitor, manage, and maintain IT Infrastructure Services maintenance, support
and subscription contract renewals;
• Prepare, organize, and process reconciliations and reports for departmental
purchasing cards (p-cards);
• Work independently and contact vendors for technical equipment and software
information on IT equipment;
• Prepare, organize, and process monthly telephone, cellphone, and work order
chargebacks for self-support services;
• Prepare, organize, review, and process monthly service provider invoices for voice
and data services;
• Maintain documentation, tracking, reporting, and asset management for all IT
infrastructure; and
• Work with the Executive Director of IT Infrastructure Services to plan, prepare,
review, and update the five-year budgetary documents to appropriately forecast IT
infrastructure funding requirements and associated requests for annual
increases/decreases,
would be sufficient to establish your status as a "public employee" subject to the Ethics Act. The
foregoing duties/authority would also meet the criteria for determining your status as a public
employee under the Regulations of the State Ethics Commission, specifically at 51 Pa. Code § 11.1,
"public employee," subparagraphs (i) and (ii).
McGonigle, 26-529
May 4, 2026
Page 8
Therefore, you are advised that as a Management Technician (IT Infrastructure Services
Coordinator and Administrative Assistant) in the IT Infrastructure Services Department of the
University, you are a "public employee" subject to the provisions of the Ethics Act, and you are
therefore required to file Statements of Financial Interests pursuant to the Ethics Act.
Pursuant to Section 1107(11) of the Ethics Act, an Advice is a complete defense in any
enforcement proceeding initiated by the Commission, and evidence of good faith conduct in any
other civil or criminal proceeding, provided the requester has disclosed truthfully all the material
facts and committed the acts complained of in reliance on the Advice given.
This letter is a public record and will be made available as such.
Finally, if you disagree with this Advice or if you have any reason to challenge same, you
may appeal the Advice to the full Commission. A personal appearance before the Commission
will be scheduled and a formal Opinion will be issued by the Commission.
Any such appeal must be in writing and must be actually received at the Commission within
thirty (30) days of the date of this Advice pursuant to 51 Pa. Code § 13.2(h). The appeal may be
received at the Commission by hand delivery, United States mail, delivery service, or by FAX
transmission (717-787-0806). Failure to file such an appeal at the Commission within thirty (30)
days may result in the dismissal of the appeal.
Respectfully, Q
Bridget K. Guilfoyle,
Chief Counsel