The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink About25-560 Confidential PHONE: 717-783-1610 STATE ETHICS COMMISSION FACSIMILE: 717-787-0806 TOLL FREE: 1-800-932-0936 FINANCE BUILDING WEBSITE: www.ethics.pa.gov 613 NORTH STREET, ROOM 304 HARRISBURG, PA 17120-0400 ADVICE OF COUNSEL December 22, 2025 To the Requester: 25-560 This responds to your email received December 12, 2025, by which you requested a confidential advisory from the Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission (“Commission”), seeking guidance as to the issue presented below: Issue: Whether the Public Official and Employee Ethics Act (“Ethics Act”), 65 Pa.C.S. § 1101 et seq., would impose restrictions upon you with regard to performing work for a \[Type of Entity\] following termination of your employment as a \[Job Title\] with the \[Agency\]. Brief Answer: YES. During the first year following termination of your employment with the \[Agency\], Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would apply and restrict you from engaging in any activity that would involve “representing” a “person” — including but not limited to a new employer such as a \[Type of Entity\] — before your “former governmental body,” the \[Agency\]. Facts: You request a confidential advisory from the Commission based upon submitted facts that may be fairly summarized as follows. You are currently employed as a \[Job Title\] with the \[Agency\], in which capacity you serve as the \[Working Title\] in \[Unit 1\]. You have submitted a copy of a Commonwealth position description for your position with the \[Agency\], which document is incorporated herein by reference. You are considering leaving your Commonwealth employment for a position with a \[Type of Entity\]. You seek guidance as to whether the Ethics Act would impose prohibitions or Confidential Advice, 25-560 December 22, 2025 Page 2 restrictions upon you with regard to performing work for a \[Type of Entity\] following termination of your employment with the \[Agency\]. In particular, you ask whether you would be permitted to work on \[Matters\] in \[Units\] other than \[Unit 1\], such as \[Unit 2\], \[Unit 3\], and \[Unit 4\], or on \[Type of Political Subdivision 1\] or \[Type of Political Subdivision 2\] \[Matters\]. Discussion: It is initially noted that pursuant to Sections 1107(10) and 1107(11) of the Ethics Act, 65 Pa.C.S. §§ 1107(10), (11), advisories are issued to the requester based upon the facts that the requester has submitted. In issuing the advisory based upon the facts that the requester has submitted, the Commission does not engage in an independent investigation of the facts, nor does it speculate as to facts that have not been submitted. It is the burden of the requester to truthfully disclose all of the material facts relevant to the inquiry. 65 Pa.C.S. §§ 1107(10), (11). An advisory only affords a defense to the extent the requester has truthfully disclosed all of the material facts. The post-employment restrictions of Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act apply to former public officials/public employees. While Section 1103(g) does not prohibit a former public official/public employee from accepting a position of employment, it does restrict the former public official/public employee with regard to “representing” a “person” before “the governmental body with which he has been associated”: § 1103. Restricted activities (g) Former official or employee.--No former public official or public employee shall represent a person, with promised or actual compensation, on any matter before the governmental body with which he has been associated for one year after he leaves that body. 65 Pa.C.S. § 1103(g) (Emphasis added). The terms “represent,” “person,” and “governmental body with which a public official or public employee is or has been associated” are specifically defined in the Ethics Act as follows: § 1102. Definitions “Represent.” To act on behalf of any other person in any activity which includes, but is not limited to, the following: personal appearances, negotiations, lobbying and submitting bid or contract proposals which are signed by or contain the name of a former public official or public employee. “Person.” A business, governmental body, individual, corporation, union, association, firm, partnership, committee, club or other organization or group of persons. Confidential Advice, 25-560 December 22, 2025 Page 3 “Governmental body with which a public official or public employee is or has been associated.” The governmental body within State government or a political subdivision by which the public official or employee is or has been employed or to which the public official or employee is or has been appointed or elected and subdivisions and offices within that governmental body. 65 Pa.C.S. § 1102. The term “person” is very broadly defined. It includes, inter alia, corporations and other businesses. It also includes the former public official/public employee himself, Confidential Opinion, 93-005, as well as a new governmental employer. Ledebur, Opinion 95-007. The term “represent” is also broadly defined to prohibit acting on behalf of any person in any activity. Examples of prohibited representation include: (1) personal appearances before the former governmental body or bodies; (2) attempts to influence; (3) submission of bid or contract proposals which are signed by or contain the name of the former public official/public employee; (4) participating in any matters before the former governmental body as to acting on behalf of a person; and (5) lobbying. Popovich, Opinion 89-005. Listing one’s name as the person who will provide technical assistance on a proposal, document, or bid, if submitted to or reviewed by the former governmental body, constitutes an attempt to influence the former governmental body. Section 1103(g) also generally prohibits the inclusion of the name of a former public official/public employee on invoices submitted by his new employer to the former governmental body, even if the invoices pertain to a contract that existed prior to termination of service with such governmental body. Shay, Opinion 91-012. However, if such a pre-existing contract does not involve the unit where a former public employee worked, the name of the former public employee may appear on routine invoices if required by the regulations of the agency to which the billing is being submitted. Abrams/Webster, Opinion 95-011. A former public official/public employee may assist in the preparation of any documents presented to his former governmental body. However, the former public official/public employee may not be identified on documents submitted to the former governmental body. The former public official/public employee may also counsel any person regarding that person’s appearance before his former governmental body. Once again, however, the activity in this respect should not be revealed to the former governmental body. The Ethics Act would not prohibit or preclude making general informational inquiries to the former governmental body to secure information which is available to the general public, but this must not be done in an effort to indirectly influence the former governmental body or to otherwise make known to that body the representation of, or work for, the new employer. Section 1103(g) only restricts the former public official/public employee with regard to representation before his former governmental body. The former public official/public employee is not restricted as to representation before other agencies or entities. However, the “governmental body with which a public official/public employee is or has been associated” is not limited to the particular subdivision of the agency or other governmental body where the public official/public Confidential Advice, 25-560 December 22, 2025 Page 4 employee had influence or control but extends to the entire body. See, Legislative Journal of House, 1989 Session, No. 15 at 290, 291; Sirolli, Opinion 90-006; Sharp, Opinion 90-009-R. Conclusion: As a \[Job Title\] with the \[Agency\], you are a “public employee” subject to the Ethics Act and the Regulations of the State Ethics Commission. See, 65 Pa.C.S. § 1102; 51 Pa. Code § 11.1. Consequently, upon termination of your employment with the \[Agency\], you would become a “former public employee” subject to Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act. The governmental body with which you would be deemed to have been associated upon termination of your employment with the \[Agency\] would be the \[Agency\] in its entirety, including \[Unit 1\]. Therefore, for the first year following termination of your employment with the \[Agency\], Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would apply and restrict you from “representing” a “person” — including but not limited to a new employer — before the \[Agency\]. The restrictions as to representation outlined above must be followed. Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would not prohibit you from accepting employment with a \[Type of Entity\] following termination of your Commonwealth employment. However, during the first year following termination of your employment with the \[Agency\], Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would restrict you from performing any job duties for the \[Type of Entity\] that would involve prohibited representation of the \[Type of Entity\] before the \[Agency\]. Section 1103(g) would not prohibit you from working on \[Matters\] in \[Units\] other than \[Unit 1\] such as \[Unit 2\], \[Unit 3\], and \[Unit 4\], or on \[Type of Political Subdivision 1\] or \[Type of Political Subdivision 2\] \[Matters\], subject to the condition that in so doing, you would not engage in prohibited representation before the \[Agency\]. With respect to the issue of the submission of billing hours to the \[Agency\], as noted above, generally, during the one-year period of applicability of Section 1103(g), your name cannot appear on invoices submitted to the \[Agency\] by a new employer. However, if you would perform work on \[Agency\] contracts that existed before you terminated your employment with the \[Agency\], and if such contracts do not involve the “unit” of the \[Agency\] where you formerly worked, specifically \[Unit 1\], your name could appear on routine invoices submitted to the \[Agency\] as to those particular pre-existing contracts if required by the regulations of the \[Agency\]. See, Abrams/Webster, supra. However, Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would still prohibit you from engaging in other activities that would constitute prohibited representation before the \[Agency\] as set forth above. Lastly, the propriety of the proposed conduct has only been addressed under the Ethics Act; the applicability of any other statute, code, ordinance, regulation or other code of conduct other than the Ethics Act has not been considered. Pursuant to Section 1107(11) of the Ethics Act, an Advice is a complete defense in any enforcement proceeding initiated by the Commission, and evidence of good faith conduct in any other civil or criminal proceeding, provided the requester has disclosed truthfully all the material facts and committed the acts complained of in reliance on the Advice given. This letter is a public record and will be made available as such. Confidential Advice, 25-560 December 22, 2025 Page 5 Finally, if you disagree with this Advice or if you have any reason to challenge same, you may appeal the Advice to the full Commission. A personal appearance before the Commission will be scheduled and a formal Opinion will be issued by the Commission. Any such appeal must be in writing and must be actually received at the Commission within thirty (30) days of the date of this Advice pursuant to 51 Pa. Code § 13.2(h). The appeal may be received at the Commission by hand delivery, United States mail, delivery service, or by FAX transmission (717-787-0806). Failure to file such an appeal at the Commission within thirty (30) days may result in the dismissal of the appeal. Respectfully, Bridget K. Guilfoyle Chief Counsel