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PHONE: 717-783-1610 STATE ETHICS COMMISSION FACSIMILE: 717-787-0806
TOLL FREE: 1-800-932-0936 FINANCE BUILDING WEBSITE: www.ethics.pa.gov
613 NORTH STREET, ROOM 309
HARRISBURG, PA 17120-0400
ADVICE OF COUNSEL
April 1, 2022
To the Requesters:
22-518
This responds to your correspondence received March 30, 2022, by which you requested a
confidential advisory from the Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission (Commission), seeking
guidance as to the general issue presented below:
Issue:
Whether the Public Official and Employee Ethics Act (Ethics Act), 65 Pa.C.S. § 1101 et
seq., would impose restrictions upon an individual formerly employed as a \[POSITION\]
with the \[UNIT\] of the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\] with regard to performing the duties
of her new position as a \[POSITION\] for a \[ENTITY\]?
Brief Answer: YES. During the first year following termination of
Commonwealth employment, Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would apply and restrict
the individual from performing any job duties that would involve
including but not limited to her new employer before her former
governmental body, the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\].
Facts:
You request a confidential
advisory from the Commission on her behalf with regard to the post-employment restrictions of
the Ethics Act. You have submitted facts that may be fairly summarized as follows.
Effective \[DATE\], the Individual terminated her employment as a \[POSITION\] with the
\[UNIT\] of the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\]. You have submitted a general job description for
Confidential Advice, 22-518
April 1, 2022
Page 2
general job description is incorporated herein by reference.
On \[DATE\], the Individual began employment as a \[POSITION\] with a \[ENTITY\]. The
\[CERTAIN DUTIES\]. The
Individual will not lobby or appear in person before the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\].
You seek guidance as to whether the Ethics Act would impose prohibitions or restrictions
upon the Individual during the first year following termination of her Commonwealth employment.
In particular, you ask whether the Ethics Act would impose any restrictions upon the Individual
with regard to performing the duties of her new position as a \[POSITION\] for the \[ENTITY\] as
described herein.
Discussion:
It is initially noted that pursuant to Sections 1107(10) and 1107(11) of the Ethics Act, 65
Pa.C.S. §§ 1107(10), (11), advisories are issued to the requester based upon the facts that the
requester has submitted. In issuing the advisory based upon the facts that the requester has
submitted, the Commission does not engage in an independent investigation of the facts, nor does
it speculate as to facts that have not been submitted. It is the burden of the requester to truthfully
disclose all of the material facts relevant to the inquiry. 65 Pa.C.S. §§ 1107(10), (11). An advisory
only affords a defense to the extent the requester has truthfully disclosed all of the material facts.
In the former capacity as a \[POSITION\] for the \[UNIT\] of the \[GOVERNMENTAL
BODY\], the Individual was a
the State Ethics Commission. See, Pa.C.S. § 1102; 51 Pa. Code § 11.1. This conclusion is based
upon the submitted facts, which when reviewed on an objective basis, indicate clearly that the
power exists to take or recommend official action of a non-ministerial nature with respect to one
or more of the following: contracting; procurement; administering or monitoring grants or
subsidies; planning or zoning; inspecting; licensing; regulating; auditing; or other activity(ies)
where the economic impact is greater than de minimis on the interests of another person.
Consequently, upon termination of her Commonwealth employment, the Individual
became a former public employee subject to Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act.
While Section 1103(g) does not prohibit a former public official/public employee from
accepting a position of employment, it does restrict the former public official/public employee
§ 1103. Restricted activities
(g) Former official or employee.--No former public
official or public employee shall represent a person, with promised
or actual compensation, on any matter before the governmental body
Confidential Advice, 22-518
April 1, 2022
Page 3
with which he has been associated for one year after he leaves that
body.
65 Pa.C.S. § 1103(g) (Emphasis added).
governmental body with which a public official or
public employee is or has been associated are specifically defined in the Ethics Act as follows:
§ 1102. Definitions
Represent. To act on behalf of any other person in any
activity which includes, but is not limited to, the following: personal
appearances, negotiations, lobbying and submitting bid or contract
proposals which are signed by or contain the name of a former
public official or public employee.
Person. A business, governmental body, individual,
corporation, union, association, firm, partnership, committee, club
or other organization or group of persons.
Governmental body with which a public official or
public employee is or has been associated. The governmental
body within State government or a political subdivision by which
the public official or employee is or has been employed or to which
the public official or employee is or has been appointed or elected
and subdivisions and offices within that governmental body.
65 Pa.C.S. § 1102.
The term person is very broadly defined. It includes, inter alia, corporations and other
businesses. It also includes the former public official/public employee himself, Confidential
Opinion, 93-005, as well as a new governmental employer. Ledebur, Opinion 95-007.
The term represent is also broadly defined to prohibit acting on behalf of any person in
any activity. Examples of prohibited representation include: (1) personal appearances before the
former governmental body or bodies; (2) attempts to influence; (3) submission of bid or contract
proposals which are signed by or contain the name of the former public official/public employee;
(4) participating in any matters before the former governmental body as to acting on behalf of a
person; (5) lobbying; and (6) acting to make known to the former governmental body the
representation of, or work for, a new employer. Popovich, Opinion 89-005; Edley, Opinion 17-
002; Confidential Opinion, 17-007; Valentine, Opinion 20-003.
Listing ones name as the person who will provide technical assistance on a proposal,
document, or bid (if submitted to, or reviewed by, the former governmental body) constitutes an
attempt to influence the former governmental body. Section 1103(g) also generally prohibits the
Confidential Advice, 22-518
April 1, 2022
Page 4
inclusion of the name of a former public official/public employee on invoices submitted by his
new employer to the former governmental body, even if the invoices pertain to a contract that
existed prior to termination of service with such governmental body. Shay, Opinion 91-012.
However, if such a pre-existing contract does not involve the unit where a former public employee
worked, the name of the former public employee may appear on routine invoices if required by
the regulations of the agency to which the billing is being submitted. Abrams/Webster, Opinion
95-011.
A former public official/public employee may assist in the preparation of any documents
presented to his former governmental body. However, the former public official/public employee
may not be identified on documents submitted to the former governmental body. The former
public official/public employee may also counsel any person regarding that persons appearance
before his former governmental body. Once again, however, the activity in this respect should not
be revealed to the former governmental body. The Ethics Act would not prohibit or preclude
making general informational inquiries to the former governmental body to secure information
which is available to the general public, but this must not be done in an effort to indirectly influence
the former governmental body or to otherwise make known to that body the representation of, or
work for, the new employer.
Section 1103(g) only restricts the former public official/public employee with regard to
representation before his former governmental body. The former public official/public employee
is n
particular subdivision of the agency or other governmental body where the public official/public
employee had influence or control but extends to the entire body. See, Legislative Journal of
House, 1989 Session, No. 15 at 290, 291; Sirolli, Opinion 90-006; Sharp, Opinion 90-009-R.
The governmental body with which the Individual is deemed to have been associated upon
termination of her Commonwealth employment is the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\] in its entirety.
Therefore, for the first year following termination of Commonwealth employment,
Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would apply and restrict the Individual from engaging in any
activity that would involve before the \[GOVERNMENTAL
BODY\]. In particular, Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act would prohibit the Individual from
performing any job duties for her new employer, the \[ENTITY\], that would involve prohibited
representation before the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\]. To the extent that the Individual would
be \[PERFORMING A PARTICULAR JOB DUTY\], the Individual would need to exercise caution
that in so doing, she would not engage in prohibited representation before the
\[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\] as outlined above.
Lastly, the propriety of the proposed conduct has only been addressed under the Ethics Act;
the applicability of any other statute, code, ordinance, regulation or other code of conduct other
than the Ethics Act has not been considered.
Conclusion:
Confidential Advice, 22-518
April 1, 2022
Page 5
In the former capacity as a \[POSITION\] for the \[UNIT\] of the \[GOVERNMENTAL
BODY\], the Individual on whose behalf you have inquired was a public employee subject to the
Ethics Act, 65 Pa.C.S. § 1101 et seq., and the Regulations of the State Ethics Commission, 51 Pa.
Code § 11.1 et seq. Upon termination of her Commonwealth employment, the Individual became
former
governmental body is the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\] in its entirety. For the first year following
termination of Commonwealth employment, Section 1103(g) of the Ethics Act
would apply and restrict the Individual from engaging in any activity that would involve
before the \[GOVERNMENTAL BODY\]. The restrictions as to
representation outlined above must be followed.
Pursuant to Section 1107(11) of the Ethics Act, an Advice is a complete defense in any
enforcement proceeding initiated by the Commission, and evidence of good faith conduct in any
other civil or criminal proceeding, provided the requester has disclosed truthfully all the material
facts and committed the acts complained of in reliance on the Advice given.
This letter is a public record and will be made available as such.
Finally, if you disagree with this Advice or if you have any reason to challenge same, you
may appeal the Advice to the full Commission. A personal appearance before the Commission
will be scheduled and a formal Opinion will be issued by the Commission.
Any such appeal must be in writing and must be actually received at the Commission within
thirty (30) days of the date of this Advice pursuant to 51 Pa. Code § 13.2(h). The appeal may be
received at the Commission by hand delivery, United States mail, delivery service, or by FAX
transmission (717-787-0806). Failure to file such an appeal at the Commission within thirty (30)
days may result in the dismissal of the appeal.
Respectfully,
Martin W. Harter
Acting Chief Counsel