HomeMy WebLinkAbout874 PodluckySTATE ETHICS COMMISSION
308 FINANCE BUILDING
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120
In Re: Bernard Podlucky File Docket: 92- 034 -C2
Date Decided: January 29, 1993
Date Mailed: February 1, 1993
Before: James M. Howley, Chair
Daneen E. Reese, Vice Chair
Dennis C. Harrington
Roy W. Wilt
Austin - M. Lee
Allan M. Kluger
Joseph W. Marshall, III
The State Ethics Commission received a complaint regarding a
possible violation of the State Ethics Act, Act 9 of 1989, 65 P.S.
§401 et. seq. Written notice, of the specific allegation(s) was
served at the commencement of the investigation. A Findings Report
was issued and served, upon completion of the investigation, which
constituted the Complaint by the Investigation Division. An Answer
was not filed and a hearing was` deemed waived. The record is
complete. This adjudication of the Commission is hereby issued
which sets forth the individual Allegations, Findings of Fact,
Discussion, Conclusions of Law and Order.
This adjudication is final and will be made available as a
public document fifteen days after issuance. However,
reconsideration may be requested which will defer public release of
this adjudication pending action on the request by the Commission.
A request for reconsideration, however, does not affect the
finality of this adjudication. A reconsideration request must be
received at this Commission within fifteen days of issuance and
must include a detailed explanation of the reasons as to why
reconsideration should be granted in conformity with 51 Pa. Code
§2.38.
The files in this case will remain confidential in accordance
with Act 9 of 1989, 65 P.S. §408(h) during the fifteen day period
and no one unless the right to challenge this Order is waived, may
violate confidentiality by releasing, discussing or circulating
this Order. However, confidentiality does not preclude discussing
this case with an attorney at law.
Any person who violates confidentiality of the Ethics Act is
guilty of a misdemeanor subject to a fine of not more than $1,000
or imprisonment for not more than one year, 65 P.S. 5409(e).
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 2
I. ALLEGATION:
That Bernard Podlucky, Supervisor for Conemaugh Township,
Cambria County, violated the following section of the Public
Officials and Employee Ethics Law (Act 9 of 1989), when a firm with
which he is associated, NAPA Auto Parts, sold auto parts to the
township without an open and public process, and when he
participated in the payment of their bills:
Section 3. Restricted Activities.
(a) No public official or public employee
shall engage in conduct that constitutes
conflict of interest.
II. FINDINGS:
1. Bernard Podlucky served as a Conemaugh Township Supervisor.
a. He has served in this position from 1988 to the present.
b. He was appointed Police Commissioner in 1988, and still
serves in that capacity.
c. Bernard Podlucky also served as an appointed roadmaster.
2. Bernard Podlucky was employed by Fullwell Motor Products, as
a Sales Representative prior 1989.
a. Fullwell specializes in nuts and bolts.
b. Fullwell is based in Cleveland, Ohio.
3. Conemaugh Township purchased from Fullwell Motor Products
after Podlucky became a supervisor.
a. Podlucky was the sales representative for the area which
included the township.
4. Fullwell Motor Products Company invoices on file with the
township reflect the following purchases:
Invoice
Date
1/25/88
10/6/88
2/17/89
11/30/89
Check
Amount Check # Date
$ 284.37 .1027
48.59 1407
88.83 1635
69.90 2048
2/1/88
11/7/88
2/28/89
12/11/89
Salesman
B. Podlucky
B. Podlucky
B. Podlucky
016 -AJO1
a. Bernard Podlucky's salesman identification number is
Podluckv, 92- 034 -C2
Page 3
reflected on invoices as 016/545. This would indicate
that the last invoice, dated 11/30/89, was not sold by
Podlucky.
5. Total township purchases from Fullwell Motor Products while
Bernard Podlucky was sales representative are as follows:
1988 - $332.96
1989 - $ 88.83
6. Subsequent to his employment at Fullwell Motor Products,
Bernard Podlucky was employed as Manager of the two NAPA Auto
Parts stores owned by Gabriel F. Podlucky, his brother.
a. He was employed there from approximately June, 1989,
through June, 1990.
b. He was paid on a salary basis.
c. The two stores were located in Johnstown and Seward.
7. In August, 1990, Bernard Podlucky purchased the NAPA store in
Seward from his brother.
8. Conemaugh Township purchased parts from both NAPA Auto Parts
stores.
9. Records of Conemaugh Township indicate the following payments
made by the township to the NAPA Auto Parts store located in
Seward, during the years 1990 through 1992, for parts
. purchased from that company.
a. 1990:
Check Date Check # Amount
8/15/90 2403 $ 25.50
9/4/90 2424 104.56
9/4/90 2425 196.74
10/1/90 2437 142.42
10/1/90 2455 109.30
10/1/90 2478 177.58
10/10/90 2494 123.36
10/31/90 2537 23460
11/25/90 2581 11.49
12/11/90 2613 24.24
1990 total: $938.79
b. 1991:
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 4
1991 total: $2;222.63
c. 1992:
1/16/92
2/5/92
2/26/92
1992 total:
d. Bernard Podlucky managed this store from June, 1989, to
June, 1990, and was the owner thereof from August, 1990,
forward.
10. Records of Conemaugh Township indicate the following payments
made by the township to NAPA Auto Parts store, Johnstown,
during the years 1988 through 1992, for parts purchased from
that company.
a. 1988:
b. 1989:
1/16/91 3025 $ 42.66
2/4/91 3067 178.66
2/4/91 3090 73.70
3/4/91 3112 83.32
3/4/91 3136 72.59
3/4/91 3171 77.37
4/1/92 3206 245.63
4/1/91 3226 238.44
5/6/91 3249 16.25
5/6/91 3285 60.71
6/3/91 3311 88.79
6/3/91 3324 77.78
8/1/91 3433 20.18
8/31/91 3461 181.67
10/7/91 3512 25.75
11/4/91 3549 (140.02)78.93
11/4/91 3555 48.48
11/18/91 3592 325.63
12/16/91 3646 32.89
1/6/92 3670 192.17
3723
3750
3796
2/4/92
3/2/92
4/6/92
Check Date Check # Amount
10/3/88 1382 $ 576.03
12/5/88 1493 63.93
2/6/89 1605 59.49
1988 total: $ 699
$ 42.06
31.00
2.75
$ 75.75
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 5
c. 1990:
d. 1991:
5/1/89 1728 $ 37.05
6/12/89 1785 8.64
8/3/89 1887 33.94
6/16/89 1803 10.68
10/2/89 1947 201.79
10/30/89 1981 74.26
11/6/89 1996 86.84
11/28/89 2029 232.04
11/30/89 2036 $ 317.86
12/21/89 2059 17.68
1/5/90 2083 80.10
1989 total: $1,100.88
2/5/90 2119 $ 60.73
2/5/90 2121 12.16
3/5/90 2136 196.22
3/5/90 2159 5.94
4/2/90 2194 13.35
4/2/90 2212 58.37
5/7/90 2241 59.36
5/7/90 2247 76.56
5/7/90 2269 32.74
6/4/90 2300 12.14
6/6/90 2322 146.50
1990 total: $ 674.07
4/15/91 3238 $ 67.70
5/6/91 3279 35.73
1991 total:
e. 1992:
1/10/92 3699 $ 33.32
1992 total:
$ 103.43
$ 33.32
f. Bernard Podlucky was the manager of this store (which was
owned by his brother from June, 1989, to'June, 1990.
11. The township purchases from the NAPA store in Johnstown
decreased significantly when Bernard Podlucky purchased the
store in Seward.
a. In comparing the 1991 sales to the 1989 sales, the
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 6
decrease is approximately 27 %.
12 Bernard Podlucky delivered parts to the township.
a. His name appears on the invoice when he delivered parts.
b. At various times, other individuals picked up or
delivered parts for the township.
13. Minutes of the Cambria County, Conemaugh Township Supervisors
meetings show that Bernard Podlucky regularly voted to pay the
bills between January, 1988, and April, 1992.
a. The Conemaugh Township Supervisors meetings were held on
a monthly basis.
b.
Bernard Podlucky was not absent from any meetings during
this time.
c. The votes to pay the bills were unanimous.
d. Bills were voted on in their entirety.
14. Conemaugh Township records show that Bernard Podlucky's
signature appears on all checks made payable to NAPA Auto
Parts with the exception of the following two: #3555, dated
11/4/91, $48.48; and #3549, dated 11/4/91, $78.93.
15. Since April 1, 1992, there have been no purchases from the
NAPA Auto Parts stores in Johnstown or Seward.
16. Records of the Conemaugh Township, Cambria County, Auditor's
meetings reflect recommendations made by the auditors to the
supervisors in regard to the relationship between the township
and the NAPA Auto Parts Store owned by Bernard Podlucky.
a. February 9, 1992:
A meeting was held between the auditors and the
supervisors. Purpose of the meeting was to gather
information and discuss some issues raised by the
auditors. The focal point of the meeting was to discuss
a possible infraction of the Second Class Township Code
and the Ethics Act. The point in question dealt with Mr.
Podlucky's ownership of a NAPA Auto Parts store which
sold parts to the township through 1991, that total
$2,037.06. It was pointed out by the auditors to the
supervisors that the Township Code limits a business
owned by a supervisor to not more than $300.00 worth of
business in a single year.
Podluckv, 92- 034 -C2
Page 7
A second meeting was set up for February 11, 1992, at
which time these issues would be discussed with the
township solicitor.
Present: Harold Kaseler, John Jacoby, Vince McGowan.
Supervisors present: Rudy Galayda, Jr., Robert Nies,
Bernard Podlucky.
b. February 11, 1992:
A meeting was held between the supervisors and the
auditors along with the Township Solicitor, Attorney
William Barbin. Additional discussion with Mr. Miller of
the Department of Community Affairs, resulted in the
following determinations:
(1)
(3)
The excess of business over $300.00 done by
Mr. Podlucky's business with the township was a
violation of the Second Class Township Code and the
Ethics Act.
(2) That no surcharge should be levied because the
township did not sustain any financial loss. After
comparing prices at other auto parts store, it was
determined that NAPA charges were not excessive,
and in some instances were actually lower.
That the auditors should recommend that the
township supervisors stay within the guidelines as
set down in the Second Class Township Code and the
Ethics Act.
(4) Mr. Miller, DCA, stated that if the supervisors
agreed to follow the recommendation, this was all
that needed to be done by the auditors.
Present: Harold Kaseler, John Jacoby, Vincent
McGowan.
Supervisors Present: Rudy Galayda, Jr., Robert
Nies, Bernard Podlucky.
c. February 26, 1992:
The following recommendations were included in those made
by the auditors.
(1) That the supervisors adhere to the Second Class
Township Code and the State Ethics Act.
Podluckv, 92- 034 -C2
Page 8
(2) That monthly bills be included as,a part of the
official minutes.
17. The price comparison used in the February 11, 1992, meeting
showed that the NAPA prices were slightly to significantly
less than those charged by the other two suppliers.
a. The price comparison total of each supplier is reflected
as follows:
NAPA $1,255.45
Dicks Automotive $1,584.78 (2 items not priced)
Harvey's Auto Parts $2,002.13
18. Records of Conemaugh Township, Cambria County, included the
following Statements of Financial Interest on file with the
township Secretary /Treasurer for Bernard Podlucky which show
that he did disclose his employment at NAPA Auto Parts and
subsequent ownership of the Seward Store:
a. Filing date: March 15, 1986
For the Year: 1986
Source of Income: Fuliwell Motor Products,
Cleveland, Ohio
Occupation: Salesman
Public Position Held: Zoning Officer, Conemaugh Township
All other Financial Interest Categories: None
b. Filing date: April 1, 1988
For the Year: 1987
Source of Income: Fuliwell Motor Products, Cleveland,
Ohio
Occupation: Salesman
Public Office: Supervisor
All other Financial Interest Categories: None
c. Filing date: January 5, 1989
For the Year: 1988
Source of Income: Fuliwell Motor Products, Cleveland,
Ohio; Conemaugh Township, Johnstown,
PA; Ribblett Corporation, Johnstown,
PA.
Occupation: Salesman
Public Office: Supervisor
All other Financial Interest Categories:' None
d. Filing date: January ?, 1990
For the Year: 1989
Source of Income: Fuliwell Motor Products, Cleveland,
Ohio; NAPA Auto Parts, Cherry
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 9
Street, Johnstown, PA.
Occupation: Salesman
Public Office: Supervisor
All other Financial Interest Categories: None
e. Filing date: February 4, 1991
For the Year: 1990
Source of Income: NAPA Auto Parts, Seward, PA.
Occupation: Part store owner
Public Office: Supervisor
Office /Directorship or Employment in any business: NAPA
Auto Parts, Route 56, Seward, PA -owner
All other Financial Interest Categories: None
f. No Statement of Financial Interest was filed by Bernard
Podlucky in 1992, for the year 1991, as of May 7, 1992.
19. Records of Conemaugh Township show that Bernard Podlucky did
not file a Statement of Financial Interests in 1992 for the
1991 year.
20. Thomas Morder was employed as the Road Foreman for Conemaugh
Township from 1988 through December, 1991.
a. As foreman he was responsible for the road crew;
maintenance of equipment; and purchasing.
b. He was told to purchase where he could get the best
price.
c. He would call several parts suppliers to get the best
price.
d. Bernard Podlucky, Supervisor, approached him and asked
him to give Podlucky's brother a chance to supply parts
to the township through the NAPA stores.
(1) He had not done business with NAPA before.
e. Initially he did not get good prices from NAPA and
subsequently purchased only small price items from them.
f . Bernard Podlucky asked him why he was not purchasing much
from NAPA.
(1) He told Podlucky that he could get better prices
elsewhere.
(2) Podlucky did not have a problem with his efforts to
get good prices for the township.
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 10
g-
NAPA started giving more discount to the township after
Bernard Podlucky started running the NAPA stores for his
brother.
h. Podlucky offered the township cheaper prices after
purchasing the NAPA store in Seward.
i. Podlucky never directed him to buy from the NAPA store
that Podlucky owned.
The NAPA store in Seward is approximately 30 minutes from
the township, and is .farther away than several other
parts suppliers.
(1) Most of the time the parts were delivered to the
township by Podlucky.
k. Morder purchased parts from Fullwell Motor Products when
Podlucky was employed there as a salesman.
(1) Podlucky approached him after being elected
supervisor and told him he could give the township
good prices on nuts and bolts.
(a) Fullwell specializes in nuts and bolts.
(b) Fullwell sells to most parts stores and
hardwares.
(c) At the time a local auto parts store carried
Fullwell products.
21. After Bernard Podlucky had been working for his brother for
awhile, he approached the township road foreman and asked for
some of the township business, if NAPA was competitive with
the other suppliers.
a. The foreman purchased a few things from NAPA and then
advised him that the prices were not in line with other
suppliers.
b. The foreman continued to purchase some items from NAPA
that were the same price or cheaper than the other
suppliers.
c. The foreman was familiar with auto parts prices and
purchased the item wherever the best price could be
obtained.
d. His brother did not take advantage of the NAPA rebate
program and as a result the prices were higher than other
Podluckv, 92- 034 -C2
Page 11
suppliers.
22. After purchasing the NAPA store in Seward, Bernard Podlucky
approached the foreman and asked for some of the township
business.
a. He advised the foreman that he could offer better prices.
b. His could offer better prices because he bought the NAPA
computer system which allowed him to participate in the
rebate program.
(1) The rebates were to the dealership, not the
customer.
(2) The rebates took three to six months to receive.
c. The township did not buy many rebatable items.
23. His total sales for 1991 were $200,416.00
a. Conemaugh Township purchases totaled $2,229.00.
b. This represents 1.12% of his business.
c. His cost of the township purchases totaled $1,704.00, or
$525.00 profit.
d. This shows his gross profit percentage as 23.54 %.
24. Podlucky indicated his gross profit percentage was more like
14.79 %.
a. He deducted the cost of an advertisement in the Conemaugh
Township 1991 Information Guide from his profit.
b. He admitted that it was his choice to place the ad and
that the township business was not contingent upon doing
so.
25. The township never bid the parts business.
26. Bernard Podlucky has always voted to approve payment of the
bills, which included the bills from the NAPA stores owned by
his brother, and subsequently the NAPA store owned by him.
a. He has never missed a township meeting since he became
supervisor in 1968.
b. He has never abstained on the vote to pay the bills or on
any one bill.
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 12
c. He regularly signed the checks made payable to NAPA Auto
Parts.
III. DISCUSSION:
As a Supervisor for Conemaugh Township in Cambria County,
Bernard Podlucky, hereinafter Podlucky, is a public official as
that term is defined under Act 9 of 1989. 65 P.S. 5402. As such,
his conduct is subject to the provisions of the Ethics Law and the
restrictions therein are applicable to him.
Initially, it is noted that Section 9 of Act 9 of June 26,
1989 provides, in part, as follows:
"This amendatory act shall not apply to
violations committed prior to the effective
date of this act, and causes of action
initiated for such violations shall be
governed by the prior law, which is continued
in effect for that purpose as if this act were
not in force. For the purposes of this
section, a violation was committed prior to
the effective date of this act if any elements
of the violation occurred prior thereto."
Since the occurrences in this case transpired after the
effective date of Act 9 (June 26, 1989), we must apply the
provisions of Act 9 to determine whether the Ethics Act was
violated.
Under Section 3(a) of Act 9, of 1989 quoted above, a public
official /employee shall not engage in conduct that constitutes a
conflict of interest.
The term "conflict of interest" is defined under Act 9 of 1989
as follows:
Section 2. Definitions
"Conflict" or "conflict of interest."
Use by a public official or public employee of
the authority of his office or employment or
any confidential information received through
his holding public office or employment for
the private pecuniary benefit of himself, a
member of his immediate family or a business
with which he or a member of his immediate
family is associated. "Conflict" or "conflict
of interest" does not include an action having
a de minimis economic impact or which affects
to the same degree a class consisting of the
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 13
general public or a subclass consisting of an
industry, occupation or other group which
includes the public official or public
employee, a member or his immediate family or
a business with which he or a member of his
immediate family is associated. 65 P.S. 5402.
The issue before us is whether Podlucky violated Section 3(a)
of Act 9 of 1989 regarding the sale of auto parts by NAPA Auto
Parts, a business with which Podlucky was associated to the
Township.
Factually, Podlucky has been a Conemaugh Township Supervisor
since 1988. When Podlucky was privately employed by Fullwell Motor
Products as a sales representative prior to 1989, that firm made
various sales to the Township. Thereafter, when Podlucky became
employed as a manager of two NAPA Auto Parts stores owned by his
brother, Gabriel, the Township purchased parts from both NAPA Auto
Parts stores. As to one of the NAPA Auto Parts stores, Podlucky
became the owner in August, 1990, after which time the Township
purchases from the other NAPA store significantly decreased. The
Township parts delivered from Podlucky's NAPA Auto Parts contained
the name of Podlucky on the invoices and were either delivered by
Podlucky himself or other individuals.
The minutes of the Township reflect that the vote to approve
bills were voted on as a list, that the votes to pay were
unanimous, and lastly that Podlucky did vote on the approval of the
bill lists which included bills from his NAPA Auto Parts store.
The Township records reflect that Podlucky's signature appears on
checks payable to NAPA Auto Parts for all invoices except two.
Such practice continued until April 1, 1992, at which time no
further purchases were made by the Township from the NAPA Auto
Parts stores.
At the February 9, 1992 meeting of the Conemaugh Township
Auditors, a discussion ensued concerning the possible violation of
the Second Class Township Code by Podlucky relative to the sale of
parts to the Township in 1991 exceeding $2,000 from his NAPA Auto
Parts store. The Township Code limits a business owned by a
supervisor to no more than $300 worth of business in any single
year. In the February 11, 1992 meeting held among the Supervisors,
the Auditors and the Township Solicitor, it was determined that
Podlucky did violate the Second Class Township Code by the amount
of business done but that no surcharge would be levied since the
Township did not incur any financial loss. The foregoing action
was taken in part due to the fact that the NAPA charges were not
excessive and in some instances actually lower. Finally, at a
February 26, 1992 meeting of the Auditors, recommendations were
made that the Supervisors adhere to the Second Class Township Code
and State Ethics Act and that monthly bills be included as part of
Podlucky, 92- 034 -C2
Page 14
the official minutes.
The record reflects that Thomas Morder, who was the Road
Foreman of Conemaugh Township between 1988 and 1991, had the
responsibility for purchasing and maintaining Township equipment.
At one point, Podlucky approached Morder and inquired as to why
Podlucky's brother was not given an opportunity to supply parts to
the Township. When Morder subsequently advised Podlucky that he
was not purchasing from NAPA because he could get better prices
elsewhere, Podlucky did not have a problem with Morder's efforts to
get the best prices for the Township. Podlucky never directed
Morder to buy from the NAPA:store owned. Thereafter,
NAPA did start giving discounts to the Township for purchases. The
statements of Morder are corroborated by Podlucky.
Although not part of the allegation in this case, the
investigation in this case reflects as to the Financial Interests
Statements (FIS's) of Podlucky certain potential deficient filings
and non - filings. In particular, Podlucky did not file an FIS for
the 1991 calendar year. In addition, for the FIS's as to calendar
years 1988 forward, Podlucky did not list Conemaugh Township as a
source of income, assuming that he received reportable income from
the Township.
In applying the above quoted provisions of Section 3(a) of Act
9 of 1989 to the instant matter, there was a use of authority of
office on the part of Podlucky regarding his contact with the Road
Foreman relative to the solicitation for the purchase of parts from
NAPA Auto Parts stores. In addition, Podlucky used the authority
of office in voting to approve .bill lists which included the
invoices from NAPA Auto Parts store. Finally, it was use of
authority of office on the part of Podlucky when he signed checks
in payment to NAPA Auto Parts stores from the invoices from the
sales. Juliante, Order 809.
The use of office resulted in a private pecuniary benefit
consisting of the profit that was made as to the sale of the parts.
Lastly, the private pecuniary benefit went to either Podlucky
individually or to NAPA Auto Parts which was owned by him. The
term business with which associated is defined under Act 9 of 1989
as follows:
Section 2. Definitions
"Business with which he is associated."
Any business in which the person or a member
of the person's immediate family is a
director, officer, owner, employee or has a
financial interest.
65 P.S. §402. In light of the above, it is clear that NAPA Auto
Podluckv, 92- 034 -C2
Page 15
Parts store is a business with which Podlucky is associated.
Accordingly, we find a violation of that provision of law by
Podlucky. Our decision in this matter is in accord with Long,
Order 853 and Jelliff, Order 855.
Considering the facts and circumstances of the case in
totality and in particular that Podlucky did not direct the Foreman
to purchase from NAPA and that NAPA provided competitive or cheaper
prices for the parts and that Podlucky has desisted in such sales
since April, 1992, we will take no further action.
As to the FIS deficiencies /non- filing, since this is not part
of the allegation, we can make_no.determination of a violation.
However, Podlucky is directed within thirty (30) days of the date
of issuance of this Order to file an FIS for the 1991 calendar year
as well as file amended FIS's for the calendar years 1988 forward
listing Conemaugh Township as a source of income, assuming that
Podlucky did derive reportable income from the Township. Failure
to comply with the foregoing will result in a directive of this
Commission to issue an order enforcement action.
IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW:
1. Bernard Podlucky as a Conemaugh Township Supervisor is a
public official subject to the provisions of Act 9 of 1989.
2. Podlucky violated Section 3(a) of Act 9 of 1989 when he used
the authority of office to obtain a private pecuniary benefit
for NAPA Auto Parts, a business with which he is associated
relative to the sale of parts to the Township.
In Re: Bernard Podlucky File Docket: 92- 034 -C2
. Date Decided: January 29, 1993
: Date Mailed: February 1, 1993
ORDER NO. 874
1. Bernard Podlucky as a Conemaugh Township Supervisor violated
Section 3(a) of Act 9 of 1989 when he used the authority of
office to obtain a private pecuniary benefit for NAPA Auto
Parts, a business with which he is associated relative to the
sale of parts to the Township.
2. Podlucky is directed within thirty (30) days of the date of
issuance of this Order to file a Financial Interests Statement
for the 1991 calendar year.
3. Podlucky is directed within thirty (30) days of the date of
issuance of this Order to file amended Financial Interests
Statements listing Conemaugh Township as a source of income if
he did in fact receive reportable income from the Township.
4. Failure of Podlucky to comply with the provisions of
Paragraphs 2 and 3 shall result in a directive of this
Commission to issue an order enforcement action.
BY THE COMMISSION,